Day 1 :
Keynote Forum
Byungse Suh
Temple University School of Medicine, USA
Keynote: Overcoming Antimicrobial Resistance
Time : 10:00- 10:35
Biography:
Byungse Suh has completed his BS in Pharmacy in 1962 from Chung-Ang University, Korea, MA and PhD in Microbiology in 1967 and 1969 respectively from the University of Kansas, Postdoctoral studies from the University of Iowa and his MD from the University of Miami in 1973. He has completed Internal Medicine Residency Training and an Infectious Disease Fellowship at the University of Wisconsin. He has published more than 110 papers and is a Professor at Temple University School of Medicine.
Abstract:
The introduction of antibiotics to clinical medicine in the 20th century worked like a miracle for many infections. However, antibiotic resistance began emerging soon afterwards and it continued to expand with resistance emerging to all classes of antibiotics, threatening the end of the antibiotic era. Development of antimicrobial resistance (AR) appeared at first to be a new phenomenon. However, recent scientific investigation firmly established that AR genes, which are intrinsically the basis for resistance, predate the clinical use of antibiotics by >4 million years. Therefore, AR is an ancient and natural phenomenon. However ancient it may be, AR currently is clearly seen as a major catastrophe and necessitates innovative and wise tactics to overcome the problem. Many efforts have been made to control the spread of AR. Among them, infection control programs and antibiotic stewardship have shown positive effects. Possibilities for the discovery of new antibiotics appear rather small. Other innovative approaches must be studied to minimize and/or reverse AR, so that the effective life span of existing antibiotics can be extended maximally. These include, but are not limited to: combinations of antibiotics and other compounds to selectively enhance the activity of antibiotics while reversing AR (i.e., carbapenem and aspergillomarasmine A (NMD or VIM inhibitor)), tet gene added gentamicin. In addition, for multidrug and pandrug-resistant organisms, non-antibiotic regimens will need to be explored. Some examples are monoclonal antibodies, vaccines and bacteriophages. These might provide benefit while keeping the microbiome intact. To be successful all these efforts would require strong support from the WHO, the Food and Agricultural Organization, the World Organization for Animal Health, and other national/international health related organizations.
Keynote Forum
Pietro Mastroeni
University of Cambridge, UK
Keynote: Relationships between pathogen behaviour, immunity and efficacy of antimicrobial drugs within a mammalian host
Time : 10:35- 11:10
Biography:
Pietro Mastroeni received a Degree in Medicine and Surgery from the University of Messina, Italy. He moved to the University of Cambridge, UK where he completed his Ph.D before becoming a Research Fellow at Imperial College, University of London UK. He is currently a Reader in Infection and Immunity at the University of Cambridge. He has published more than 100 papers in reputed journals and serves as an editorial board member.
Abstract:
Salmonella enterica cause enteric systemic diseases (typhoid and paratyphoid fever), gastroenteritis and non-typhoidal septicemia in humans and other animals worldwide and some serovars have zoonotic potential. Salmonella infections can be difficult to treat and accurate targeting of appropriate therapeutic strategies must take into consideration the behavior of pathogens within the host. Persistence of the bacteria in the tissues and relapses can occur upon cessation of the treatment, especially in immunodeficient individuals. This is a grave medical problem especially in areas of the world where comorbidities such as malaria, HIV and malnutrition impair the immune system leading to higher incidence of both acute and recurrent bacterial infections, despite appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Better approaches to clear chronic infections are needed as these lead to disease reservoirs that are detrimental to human and veterinary medicine and can favor the selection of antimicrobial resistant populations. Despite the emergence of new multi-drug-resistant bacteria isolates and the fact that we are losing many of our front-line antimicrobials with very few new drugs currently in the pipeline, resistance to the action of antibiotics and treatment failures cannot always be ascribed to the fact that the bacteria carry antimicrobial resistance genes. In fact, difficulties in treating infection and recurrent relapses occur despite the fact that the bacteria retain sensitivity to the antimicrobial used for the treatment of the patient. This generates situations where drugs that are highly effective in vitro are less effective in vivo. The reasons for these discrepancies are difficult to explain using traditional pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics parameters. Privileged sites that are poorly accessible to antibiotics, dormant non-replicative status of the bacteria and lack of cooperation between immunity and antimicrobials have all been inferred to be plausible causal factors in poor therapy outcome. Research into innovative strategies that can improve targeting of the bacteria within the tissues of animals must be based on a more comprehensive understanding of the behavior of the pathogen within the host tissues. Approaches based on advanced microscopy, individually-traceable molecularly-tagged bacterial populations and mathematical modeling have allowed us to capture the many variables that affect the location, spread, division, death and persistence of microorganisms within an animal during the course of antibiotic therapy.
Keynote Forum
Samir Kumar-Singh
University of Antwerp, Belgium
Keynote: Current state-of-the-art in antibiotics, antibiotic resistance and novel antibacterial strategies
Time : 11:30-12:05
Biography:
Samir Kumar-Singh is a certified Medical Doctor with a Doctorate in Pathology and a Master degree in Laboratory Animals. He is a full-time Research Professor of Molecular Pathology at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Antwerp, Belgium and is affiliated to the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Belgium. He has published a well-cited body of work on molecular pathology of cancer and neurodegeneration involving patient studies and mouse modeling. He serves on several Review and Editorial Boards and international consortia. Since 2012, his group is engaged in studying the pathomechanism of hospital acquired pneumonia especially ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and has developed several authentic rat and mouse VAP as well as acute and chronic pneumonia models to study disease pathogenesis and for biomarker discovery as well as high-throughput in vitro screens for new antimicrobial targets.
Abstract:
The last years have been an exciting time for antimicrobials and microbiological research. Firstly, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) was in the spotlight and heavily discussed in worldwide conventions from the G7 summit to President Obama’s national action plan. Also there has been unprecedented investment in developing new antibacterial strategies by the public (EC) and private sector, mainly in the EU and (increasingly) the USA. After a long hiatus, a new class of antimicrobials (teixobactin) was finally discovered. Alarmingly, however, we also observed emergence of novel AMR mechanisms to last line antibiotics such as colistin this year. Finally, some very interesting breakthroughs in the field of novel diagnostics and host biomarker discovery were made utilizing nanotechnology and proteomics. This keynote lecture will try to encapsulate the major findings in the field of microbiological research during the last year with respect to AMR, novel antibiotics and diagnostics and host biomarker discovery
- Track 1:Advances in Infectious Antibiotics
Track 2:Advances in Antibiotic Treatment
Track 3:Antibiotics
Track 4:The Emergence of Antimicrobial Resistance
Track 5:Antibiotic Resistance: Opportunities and Challenges
Track 6:Different Types of Antibiotics
Track 7:Applications of Antibiotics
Session Introduction
Richard W Titball
University of Exeter, UK
Title: Galleria mellonella as a model for antimicrobial drug screening
Time : 12:05-12:30
Biography:
Richard W Titball is Professor of Molecular Microbiology at the University of Exeter, and was previously a Senior Fellow at the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory. He is a founder of Biosystems Technology, which specialises in alternative infection models. He has published more than 300 peer reviewed papers, filed 20 patents and currently serves as an Editor of Vaccine and an Editorial Board member of NPJVaccines.
Abstract:
Galleria mellonella (wax moth) larvae have been used as an infection model to understand microbial pathogens since the 1980’s and are susceptible to a broad range of bacteria and fungi which cause disease in humans. The use of larvae for infection studies is not subject to home office regulation in UK and G. mellonella larvae are generally considered to be an ethical alternative to studies in mammals. The larvae have the advantage that they can be infected at 37 °C, allowing the expression of temperature-regulated virulence genes. A defined infection site allows larvae to be injected with precise doses of bacteria and/or drugs. Drawbacks of this model include the lack of an adaptive immune response and a lack of mammalian target organs. During the past 5 years there have been reports of the testing of at least existing 22 antibiotics and 5 existing antifungal compounds for their abilities to control infections caused by 17 pathogens in Galleria. There is good agreement between drug efficacy data obtained in G. mellonella and efficacy data previously obtained in mammalian models or in human trials. These findings have generated confidence in the value of G. mellonella for antimicrobial drug screening and more recently there has been a shift towards using this model to screen new drugs and approaches for disease control.
Mario A Bianchet
Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, USA
Title: Structural insight into mechanisms of inactivation of L,D transpeptidases by carbapenems
Time : 12:30-12:55
Biography:
Mario A Bianchet has completed his PhD from The University of La Plata, Argentine, and performed Postdoctoral studies at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, where he is now a Assistant Professor of Neurology since 2011. He has published 65 papers in reputed journals. As structural enzymologist and expert in ligand recognition, he has participated in several seminal structural and mechanistic studies of macromolecules and ligand/macromolecule interactions of biomedical interest. He has important contributions to different fields, including bioenergetics: F1-ATPase, xenobiotic-response: NADPH:Quinone oxidoreductases, DNA-repair: Uracyl-Glycosylase/inhibitors, carbohydrate-recognition: animal lectins, and late stage cell-wall biosynthesis: LD-transpeptidases and their complexes with substrates and carbapenems.
Abstract:
Carbapenems are among the most potent antimicrobial β-lactams available today. Emerging evidence indicates that, unlike other subclasses of β-lactams, carbapenems inhibit non-classical transpeptidases (L, D-transpeptidases) that generate 3→3 linkages in the bacterial peptidoglycan. Five different L,D-transpeptidases form part of the cell-wall biosynthesis machinery in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), being LdtMt2 the most consequential for mycobacteria survival. Homologous enzymes have been found in ESKAPE pathogens. Evidences show that the peptidoglycan structure produced by these enzymes confers antibiotic-resistant to strains of Enterococcus Faecium and Clostridium difficile. Biapenem, tebipenem and panipenem exhibit therapeutically valuable potencies against drug resistant pathogens. These three different carbapenems inactivate these enzymes by forming adducts with their catalytic cysteine and two other carbapenems, imipenem and meropenem docks to one of the two (inner and outer) cavities that access the catalytic site. The complexes of biapenem, tebipenem and panipenem with LdtMt2 provide evidence that the dock to the outer cavity as a preferred binding mode. Unexpectedly, biapenem and tebipenem result in the same adduct resulted by an enzyme-catalyzed decomposition of the carbapenem resembling the S-conjugate elimination by β lyases. This elimination could be used to our advantage to the targeted delivery and release of the additional antimicrobial compounds. The binding mode and adduct stability are important factors to be considered in any antibiotic design based on the carbapenem scaffold. The potential correlations between these factors and carbapenems affectivity as antibiotics will be reviewed under the light of the structures of complexes of these carbapenems with LdtMt2.
Marc Devocelle
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Ireland
Title: Antimicrobial peptide prodrugs activated by neutrophil elastase
Time : 13:40-14:05
Biography:
Marc Devocelle has completed his PhD at the University of Lille, France under contract with a Pharmaceutical Company. He subsequently joined RCSI in 1999 as a Postdoctoral Researcher and became Manager of the Peptide Synthesis Laboratory in 2000. He has since been appointed as a Lecturer in 2004, a Senior Lecturer in 2008 and an Associate Professor of Chemistry in 2014. His laboratory is involved in over 25 collaborations with 14 academic groups across 8 HEIs in Ireland, 2 SMEs and 1 MNC.
Abstract:
For millions of years, the first line of defense against infections in multicellular organisms has relied on peptides with cationic and amphipathic properties. These Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) represent promising leads for the development of antibiotics delaying the emergence of resistance in bacteria. However, their clinical applications have been limited by inadequate margins of safety. A prodrug approach can overcome a toxicity barrier in drug delivery. With AMPs, prodrugs can be generated by reducing their net positive charge, through a modification which can be selectively removed by an enzyme (bacterial or human) confined to sites of infection. For example, neutrophil elastase (NE), a human protease involved in chronic airway inflammation and infections associated with cystic fibrosis (CF) can disconnect an oligo-glutamate promoiety masking the net positive charge and therefore activity of AMP candidates (Bac8c, P18, HB43, WMR and WR12). Their bactericidal activities against reference and clinical isolates of the CF pathogen P. aeruginosa are restored by NE in CF bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. Toxicity differentials are also achieved with the active peptides consistently more hemolytic and cytotoxic against representative epithelial and immune cells than their prodrug forms with the exception of WMR. While no toxicity was observed in vitro with both active and prodrug forms of this candidate, in vivo studies indicated that the prodrug was better tolerated than the active peptide. Finally, an in vitro nebulization study performed with a vibrating mesh nebulizer showed that a high level of dosing in the lung can be achieved for this AMP prodrug
Oleg N Reva
University of Pretoria, South Africa
Title: Genomic study of reversion of antibiotic resistance reversion in multidrug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis SCAID 187.0 by a new drug FS-1
Time : 14:05-14:30
Biography:
Oleg N Reva has completed his PhD from the Institute of Microbiology and Virology in Kyiv, Ukraine. He did his Postdoctoral studies on Bioinformatics in the Medical High School of Hanover, Germany. Currently he is an Associated Professor of Bioinformatics at the University of Pretoria, South Africa. He has published 83 papers and book chapters cited more than 1500 times.
Abstract:
Reversion of resistance to traditional antibiotics in pathogenic bacteria is just beginning to be realized as a prospective approach to combat the drug resistance in hospitals. Little is known about mechanisms of the drug resistance reversion. In a recent review by Baym et al., several theoretical models were proposed to explain the phenomenon by an active counter-selection of resistant strains from the population. A new nanomolecular anti-tuberculosis drug FS-1 has been registered recently in Kazakhstan. It was found in clinical and in vitro studies that FS-1 caused a reversion of sensitivity to traditional antibiotics in multidrug resistant isolates of M. tuberculosis (MDR-Mtb). In this study a recently sequenced MDR-Mtb strain SCAID 187.0 (NCBI acc. CP012506) was used in an in vivo experiment on Guinea pigs to study changes in the genetic composition of the Mtb population during treatment of the infected animals by different combinations of traditional anti-tuberculosis antibiotics with FS-1. In total, 11 Mtb isolates where fully sequenced by Illumina and aligned against the reference genome for variant calling. Treatment with FS-1 increased the genetic heterogeneity of the Mtb population by counter-selecting from the population of the most virulent MDR clones, which were genetically barcoded in this study. Drug resistance in the remaining clones was seriously compromised by a disruption of the genetic context required for drug resistance. In result, the therapy of a MDR-Mtb infection by traditional antibiotics enforced by FS-1 became effective again. To our best knowledge, this was the first experimental assertion of the drug resistance reversion by the theoretically predicted suppressive drug interaction mechanism.
Anna Malm
Medical University of Lubin, Poland
Title: Hybrid antibacterial agents as a tool to overcome the problem of bacterial resistance: Studies on 1, 2, 4-triazole-ciprofloxacin hybrids
Time : 14:30-14:55
Biography:
Anna Malm has completed her PhD in 1989 from Medical University in Lublin, Poland. She is the Head of Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology in Medical University in Lublin. She works as a full Professor position and is a Specialist in Medical Microbiology. She has published more than 200 papers mainly in reputed journals in the field of medical microbiology, including studies on antibacterial/antifungal activity in vitro of the compounds of plant or synthetic origin.
Abstract:
The spread of bacterial resistance is an increasingly serious threat to global public health, being a worldwide problem. There are high proportions of resistant bacteria that cause not only serious nosocomial diseases but also common community acquired infections. The dual-action/targeting concept can be regarded as one of the solutions to overcome the problem of growing bacterial resistance. The various hybrid antibacterial agents have been developed and described, including a series of 1, 2, 4-triazole-ciprofloxacin hybrids obtained by a molecular hybridization of ciprofloxacin and different 1, 2, 4-triazole derivatives. These hybrids showed good inhibitory effect against Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, S. aureus ATCC 6538, methicillin-resistant S. aureus MRSA Microbank 14001, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Micrococcus luteus ATCC 10240, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6638 and Bacillus cereus ATCC 10876 as well as Gram negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883, Proteus mirabilis ATCC 12453, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 and Haemophilus influenzae ATCC 10211. A number of these compounds displayed enhanced potency as compared with ciprofloxacin. The results of enzymatic assays have proven that stronger antibacterial activity of novel 1, 2, 4-triazole-ciprofloxacin hybrids (as compared to ciprofloxacin) cannot be caused by the increased affinity towards bacterial type II topoisomerases; the analyzed compounds demonstrated other preferences towards primary and secondary molecular targets than ciprofloxacin. These hybrids were found to be active not only against planktonic cells but also against biofilm forming cells of Haemophilus spp. The 1, 2, 4-triazole-ciprofloxacin hybrids may be considered as starting compounds for designing of the agents with improved antibacterial activity, including anti-biofilm properties
Byungse Suh
Temple University School of Medicine, USA
Title: Treatment of Cerebral Mucormycosis with Prolonged Liposomal Amphotericin B (LAMB) (> 900 days)
Time : 14:55-15:20
Biography:
Byungse Suh has completed his BS in Pharmacy from Chungang University, Seoul, Korea; PhD from University of Kansas; Postdoctoral studies from University of Iowa and MD from University of Miami, USA. He has completed his Residency and Fellowship from University of Wisconsin Hospital. He is also a Professor of Medicine and published more than 110 papers
Abstract:
A 51 yom with COPD was hospitalized for pneumococcal pneumonia and sepsis requiring mechanical ventilation and glucocorticoid treatment for 30 days. One week later, he developed right hemiplegia and confusion. MRI of brain demonstrated two left parietal lesions with edema. A brain biopsy fungal stain showed non-septate, right angle branching hyphae consistent with mucormycosis; fungal culture was negative. Treatment was initiated with high dose LAMB (10 mg/kg/day), and by day 9 the patient showed improvement in mentation and the ability to lift his right arm. LAMB was decreased (5 mg/kg) and oral posaconazole (PCZ) (400 mg BID) was added. He continued to improve and was discharged on this combination therapy (day 28). On day 38, chemical hepatitis was observed, presumably due to PCZ. PCZ was discontinued while continuing LAMB. On day 51, PCZ was re-introduced in an attempt to convert to oral therapy. On day 166, LAMB was discontinued; PCZ was continued alone. He was readmitted with another episode of pneumonia (day 221) and repeat MRI demonstrated significant enlargement of the known parietal lesions and a new enhancing right parietal lesion. PCZ was discontinued and LAMB was restarted (day 229). On day 541, LAMB was discontinued due to acute renal failure and PCZ was reintroduced. On day 576, LAMB was resumed due to progression of brain lesions while on posaconazole. The patient was continued on LAMB until day 978 when he expired due to respiratory failure. In this patient, LAMB appeared more efficacious in controlling cerebral mucormycosis than posaconazole.
Mymoona Akhter
Jamia Hamdard, India
Title: Computational design and validation of some novel, non-pteridine analogs as selective Mycobacterium tuberculosis dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors
Time : 15:20-15:45
Biography:
Mymoona Akhter holds Ph.D. Pharmaceutical Sciences, M. Pharma in Pharmaceutical Chemistry from Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) New Delhi. Akhter is working as an Associate Professor of Medicinal Chemistry in Faculty of Pharmacy and is Deputy Co-ordinator of the Bioinformatics Facility Jamia Hamdard. Akhter has been bestowed with several honors like the SERB- fast track research project award for young scientists by Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India (2012), the Career award for young Teachers by All India Council of Technical Education (2010), SERC Visiting Fellowship by DST (2005). She is supervising scientific research of the post-graduation and the doctoral level. She has guided/under guidance about 20 theses of M. Pharm. and M.Tech Bioinformatics and 5 theses of Ph. D. She has presented his research work in 43 conferences held in India and abroad. She has a list of more than 50 manuscripts in journals of repute and has co-authored a book on Practical Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry. She is Editor-in-Chief of International journal of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis.
Abstract:
Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is one of the validated drug targets in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. DHFR inhibitors have been used to treat various life threatening diseases such as cancer, malaria and several bacterial infections. However, all clinically effective DHFR inhibitors are non-selective and inhibit both human and pathogenic DHFR more or less to a similar extent. The crystal structures of DHFRs are validated and have been used for new drug design. Mycobacterium and human (h)-DHFRs show 26% structure similarity but their active sites are not identical and this information forms the basis of our study. Since most of the reported inhibitors of Mtb DHFR are pteridine based and are non-selective in nature therefore this study is aimed at to design and develop selective non-pteridine Mtb DHFR inhibitors. In the ternary complex of MTX with Mtb DHFR, in addition to MTX a glycerol “A” molecule is found in a depression nearby which shows interaction with the side-chains of Trp22, Asp27 and Gln28 which form a pocket in Mtb DHFR while glycerol is absent in h-DHFR. The h-DHFRs glycerol is absent and the site is packed with three hydrophobic residue side chains, Leu22, Pro26 and Phe31, which correspond to Leu20, Arg23 and Gln28 in Mtb DHFR. A compounds with side chain which could mimic the binding mode of glycerol to protein, may bind to Mtb DHFR selectively. Such a derivative should be sterically and chemically hindered from forming a complex with h-DHFR. This assumption forms the basis of present study and these understandings have been used for designing of selective inhibitors of Mtb DHFR. Number of novel non-pteridine based molecules has been identified through virtual screening of three databases. The synthesis of best hit has been carried out and tested for anti-tubercular activity. The results are promising and require further work in this direction
Biography:
Andrew Cross specializes in exploiting copper's intrinsic antimicrobial properties to reduce infection risk from touch surfaces. He offers product advice and consultancy to healthcare providers, architects/designers, construction professionals and helps manufacturers to develop new products. He has also helped the Copper Development Association develop educational materials on the scientific, practical and economic aspects of deploying copper for infection control. His long-term experience with the use of copper alloys for specialist engineering and architecture provides a sound practical foundation, combining this with the latest published research enables successful translation of a concept into healthier buildings with tangible benefits for people and organizations.
Abstract:
Antimicrobial resistance threatens the viability of many recent medical advances such as organ transplants, hip replacements, cancer therapy, etc. Development of new antibiotics cannot keep up with resistance, partly because the “easy” antibiotics have already been developed, partly because the funding model does not incentivize companies to develop new antibiotics and partly because of the huge cost of validating new antibiotics nowadays. So what can we do? It is easy to say “use fewer antibiotics” but effective antibiotic stewardship requires control to be consistent around the world. Also, human behavior is hard to change; patients are accustomed to being prescribed antibiotics, even for self-limiting conditions and the number of patients with long-term conditions (e.g., diabetes, asthma) that merit antibiotic prescription is raising. Agriculture and aquaculture need to adapt, yet antibiotics have helped these industries provide low-cost food for the world's fast-growing population. Should we all eat less meat and fish? At work, employees can be under pressure to be at work rather than rest when unwell. 'Presenteeism' can not only worsen an illness or infection but also help it spread to colleagues and customers. In hospitals, approximately 25% of Intensive Care (ICU) patients acquire an infection (HCAI). Among other patients, the HCAI rate is around 6%. HCAIs typically require not only antibiotics but a prolonged stay in ICU. Globally, huge numbers of healthcare patients acquire avoidable infections that need antibiotics. Achieving even a modest reduction in HCAI rates will help to preserve our dwindling antibiotic stock.
Sitah N Alzuman
King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, KSA
Title: Antibiotic resistance in ophthalmic infection
Biography:
Sitah N Alzuman has earned her Bachelor degree in Pharmaceutical Science in 2004 and Postgraduate Residency in Clinical Pharmacy Practice in 2009. She has worked in many big hospitals in the Saudi Arabia before joining King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital in 2010. She has gained more experience in ophthalmic field and established the medication refill clinic for ophthalmic patient.
Abstract:
Antibiotics were considered “miracle” drugs when they were presented in the middle of the 20th century. However, excessive use of antibiotics has long been a worry in the medical community-most specifically the development of antibiotic resistant especially against a systemic medicine (OR medication OR antibiotic?), but is it less problematic in ophthalmic field? Bacterial infections of the eye are common and ophthalmologists are spoilt (little harsh word) for choice with a variety of antibiotics available in the market which are mainly used topically, thereby help ophthalmologist to achieving high concentrations; often much above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics in ocular tissues during therapy. These high concentrations are effective in treating bacteria that are deemed resistance using standard interpretations of susceptibility. But the important question is whether systemic in vitro susceptibility standards accurately interpret for ocular infection as well. Until recently, ocular pathogens resistant to fluoroquinolones have been minimal but the pattern is currently alarming. Among the most common types of ocular infections, we need to know which one reflects arise in resistance. Also, if the current practice is enough to manage the ocular infection or reconsideration is required for future.
Bing Xie
East China Normal University, China
Title: Fate and effect of antibiotics from anthropogenic wastes and resistance risk assessment
Biography:
Bing Xie has completed his PhD from East China Normal University and Postdoctoral studies from Hongkong University School of Ecology Diversity. He is the Director of Shanghai Society of Environmental Microorganism Association. He has published more than 100 papers in reputed journals and has been serving as an Editorial Board Member of international journal
Abstract:
The anthropogenic sources wastes, including domestic sewage and husbandry wastewater, to and sludge to garbage and municipal solid waste are regarded as main contributors to the elevated level of antibiotics in the environment. This paper introduces recent studies on the occurrence and dynamic models of antibiotics in anthropogenic wastes, their effects on wastes bio-processing and the corresponding risk assessment methodology. Our results show that removal of antibiotics is more dependent on their sorption potential than on their biodegradability within a treatment system. Furthermore, the presence of antibiotics at trace levels is reportedly inhibitory to bio-treatment systems particularly to nitrification. However, after prolonged acclimatization microorganisms may come to the fore that can subsist on antibiotics, while these inhibitory effects can also be alleviated as a consequence of the evolution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) and/or succession of a microbial community that is gradually dominated by antibiotic insensitive microorganisms. The spread of ARGs and their recruitment by clinically important bacteria have not been studied in enough detail to allow assessment of the related risks. Defining risk determinants and proposing validated risk quantification models are imperative as necessary steps towards a comprehensive risk assessment framework for the presence of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in anthropogenic wastes.