Day 1 :
Keynote Forum
Jeffrey H Miller
University of California, USA
Keynote: Using synergies to potentiate drugs such as vancomycin in Gram negative bacteria
Time : 10:00-10:30
Biography:
Jeffrey H Miller is a distinguished Professor in Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics in the University of California, Los Angeles. He completed his Postdoc in the Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. In 2011 he is elected as a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Abstract:
Vancomycin (VAN) is an effective antibiotic against certain multi-drug resistant Gram-positive pathogens, such as MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). The large size of this glycopeptide precludes it from penetrating the outer membrane of Gram-negative cells, rendering it ineffective against Gram-negative infections. However, a very small amount of VAN does enter Gram-negative cells. We sought to exploit this small concentration by finding synergies with approved drugs. We have detected strong synergies in the Gram-negative Escherichia coli between VAN and nitrofurantoin (NIT), and also trimethoprim (TMP). Concentrations of VAN as low as 12.5 µ g/ml can display an effect with NIT and concentrations of VAN of 6.25 µ g/ml can show effects with TMP. Combinations of approved drugs that are already in use offer important advantages over screening for new drugs, as the former can be applied in a clinical setting with far less delays. We have also used synergy in pair-wise drug interactions to examine models of antibiotic mechanism of action and to understand the mechanism of synergy itself.
Keynote Forum
John J S Cadwell
Fiber Cell Systems Inc., USA
Keynote: The hollow fiber infection model for antimicrobial pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
Time : 10:30-11:00
Biography:
John J S Cadwell received his degree in Pharmacology from the University of Miami in 1981. Since that time he served in various sales, marketing and business development capacities until founding FiberCell System in 2000. As president and CEO he has filed and been issued three patents in the field of hollow fiber bioreactors and authored many publications in the field
Abstract:
The recent introduction of hollow fiber bioreactor cartridges represents an important advancement in the field of in vitro toxicology. Many toxicologists believe in vitro testing methods are a useful, time and cost effective tool for drug discovery but it is generally accepted that many of the available tests are not effective for examining both time and concentration, and do not closely mimic human kinetics. This is because they do not properly take into account pharmacodynamic actions (what a drug does to the body) and pharmacokinetic actions (what a body does to the drug). Recently, with the use of hollow fiber bioreactor cartridges, this has changed. The hollow fiber infection model is a useful addition to standard in vitro toxicology methods as it mimics changes in drug concentration over time, as they would occur in humans. An overview of historic pk/pd models is presented and the utility of the hollow fiber infection model as it relates to antibiotics and other drugs are discussed.
- Symposia on Clostridium Difficile
Session Introduction
Glenn S Tillotson
TranScrip Partners, USA
Title: Clostridium difficile- an evolving pathogen
Biography:
Glenn Tillotson has 30+ years pharmaceutical experience in early pre-clinical and clinical research, commercialization, medical affairs, scientific communications including publication planning strategic drug development, life cycle management and global launch programs. Dr Tillotson has been instrumental in the development and launch of ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, gemifloxacin and other antibacterials. Glenn has held several key committee positions at the American College of Chest Physicians, he is on the Scientific Steering Committee for the GTCBio. Annual Summit on Anti-infective Partnering. Currently Dr Tillotson has published >140 peer-reviewed manuscripts, presented >270 scientific posters and is on several journal Editorial Advisory Boards including the Lancet Infectious Disease, eBioMedicine and F1000.
Abstract:
The remarkable emergence of clostridium difficile in the past decade has led to a plethora of approaches to containing and treating the organism as infection recurrence, changing epidemiology, healthcare costs increase and the recent impact of recurrent infections on the US healthcare payment system has caused concern. Until 2012 there had not been any new advances in the management of this pathogen for 30 years with metronidazole and oral vancomycin being the only therapies available. Fidaxomicin was approved in both US and Europe for the treatment of C diffile infection (CDI). However for various reasons, most financial, this new agent has not been widely adopted even in recurrent cases of CDI. So there is still a need for new methods of ensuring CDI is a less worrying pathogen. Since 2008 there have been several different approaches adopted to manage CDI these include new antibiotics such as surotomycin, cadazolid and SMT 19969, anti-toxin agents, vaccines and biological agents such as non-toxigenic C difficile or faecal transplantation (FMT). In addition some nations have instituted major reviews of the infection control methods and achieved significant reductions in the incidence of CDI in hospitals. However it has been reported that up to 40% of CDI cases now originate in the community setting as opposed to the nosocomial environment. This review will discuss the changing epidemiology, the agents in development and the effect financial controls may have on this disease.
Richard Vickers
Summit Therapeutics, UK
Title: SMT 19969: A selective agent for Clostridium difficile infection
Biography:
Richard completed his PhD from Reading University before undertaking Postdoctoral studies and taking up a stipendiary lectureship at St Catherine’s College, Oxford University. He is currently working as a CSO – Antimicrobials at Summit Therapeutics, a UK based biotech company focused on the development of agents in areas of high unmet medical need
Abstract:
CDI is a leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea and new agents that address both initial infection and reduce rates of recurrent disease are needed. SMT19969 is a selective antimicrobial that is currently undergoing Phase 2 PoC clinical trials for the specific treatment of CDI. The compound has been shown to have highly selective activity against C. difficile but with little or no activity against other organisms including Gram negative and Gram positive anaerobes indigenous to the normal GI microbiota. SMT19969 was superior to vancomycin in the hamster model of CDI with 80-100% survival recorded by day 28 compared to 0-10% survival in the vancomycin arm. In a first in human Phase 1 clinical trial oral administration of SMT19969 was shown to be safe and well tolerated. Plasma levels of SMT19969 were typically at or just above the limit of detection confirming restriction of the drug to the site of infection. Furthermore, faecal samples following multiple oral dosing were analysed for changes in bacterial populations and it was shown that there were no significant changes in gut flora bacteria except for total clostridia which were significantly reduced during the course of dosing. These data demonstrate that SMT 19969 is a potent, bactericidal and selective inhibitor of C. difficile. Phase-1 results show that SMT 19969 is safe and well tolerated with repeat administration resulting in minimal impact on gut flora. These data support continued clinical development of SMT19969 as a potential therapy for CDI that may reduce rates of recurrent disease.
- The Vast Area of Antibiotics & Antibiotic Prophylaxis
Antibiotic Resistance: Opportunities and Challenges
Microorganisms in Recent Drug Discovery
Responsible Use of Antibiotics
Optimization of therapy-General principles
Chair
Glenn S Tillotson
TranScrip Partners, USA
Session Introduction
Jon B Bruss
Theravance Biopharma, USA
Title: Glycopeptides revisited
Time : 12:45-13:10
Biography:
Dr. Bruss completed his MD at the University of New Mexico School of Medicine. He completed a pediatric residency at the Children’s Hospital of New Mexico and a fellowship in infectious diseases at Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard University. Other degrees include a Master of Science in Public Health from Tulane University School of Public Health and a Master of Business Administration from Northwestern University Kellogg School of Business. He held academic positions at Harvard University and University of Washignton. He has experience in clinical drug development, including work with seven classes of antibiotics, multiple anti-virals, anti-fungals, vaccines and biologics.
Abstract:
Vancomycin was isolated from soil from the jungles of Borneo in 1953 by scientists at Eli Lily & Co. It is a naturally occurring antibiotic produced by the soil bacterium Amycolatopsis orientalis (formerly Nocardia orientalis). It was approved in 1958 by the US FDA to treat penicillin resistant staphylococci. Vancomycin has subsequently become a primary treatment for infections due to MRSA, however it is steadily losing potency due to increasing minimum inhibitory concentrations for many strains of MRSA. Since the discovery of vancomycin, several other glycopeptide, lipodepsipeptide, and lipoglycopeptide antibiotics, all members of this class, have been discovered or synthesized including bleomycin (1966), teicoplanin (1975), ramoplanin (1984), dalbavancin (1996), oritavancin (1996), and telavancin (2000). Some of the newer semisynthetic members of this class have multiple mechanisms of action and greater potency against a wider spectrum of Gram-positive pathogens, including those with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin. This presentation will describe the various members of this class and compare their attributes and clinical use. Emphasis will be placed on the declining utility of vancomycin and the advantages of the newer lipoglycopeptides.
Tadashi Shimamoto
Hiroshima University, Japan
Title: Characterization of integrons and antimicrobial resistance genes in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from seafood in Japan: Identification of a novel β-lactamase-encoding gene, blaCMY-39
Time : 13:10-13:35
Biography:
Tadashi Shimamoto has completed his PhD at the age of 28 years from Okayama University, Japan and postdoctoral studies from University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School. He is a professor and a vice dean of Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University. He has published more than 60 papers in reputed journals and has been serving as an editorial board member of Microbiology and Immunology
Abstract:
The emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance amongst bacteria is a growing problem for public health worldwide. Large quantities of seafood are consumed in Japan each year; however, little is currently known about the prevalence of integron and antibiotic resistance genes in seafood-associated bacteria in Japan. Therefore, PCR and DNA sequencing were used in the current study to screen and characterize integrons and resistance determinants in 215 Gram-negative bacteria isolated from retail seafood products from Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. Class 1 integrons were identified in six bacterial isolates (three Aeromonas hydrophila, one Citrobacter freundii, one Enterobacter cloacae, and one Klebsiella oxytoca), and contained gene cassettes encoding resistance to trimethoprim (dfrA12 and dfrA17), aminoglycosides (aadA2), and β-lactams (blaPSE-1). All isolates were negative for class 2 integrons. β-lactamase-encoding genes were identified in seven isolates (four C. freundii and three E. cloacae), including the narrow-spectrum β-lactamase-encoding gene blaTEM-1, and AmpC β-lactamase-encoding genes blaCMY-2, blaCMY-13, and blaCMY-39. blaCMY-39 is a novel gene isolated from a C. freundii strain and encodes resistance to cephamycins and third generation cephalosporins. blaCMY-39 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli TG1. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes, including qnrB2, qnrB6, and qnrS1, were also identified in 10 isolates (six C. freundii, two E. cloacae, one Citrobacter koseri, and one Pantoea spp.). This study highlights the presence of integrons and antimicrobial resistance genes in seafood-associated bacteria in Japan, and indicates that seafood could be a route of transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria to humans.
Biography:
Herbert B. Allen, MD is a graduate of Johns Hopkins Medical School in 1970. Internship was at Johns Hopkins, residency was at Naval Regional Medical Center Philadelphia. He served on the faculty at the University of Pennsylvania for 22 years and at Hahnemann, now Drexel, for 38 years. Currently, he is Professor and Chair of Dermatology at Drexel University College of Medicine. He is certified in dermatology and dermatopathology and has authored more than 40 publications and 2 books.
Abstract:
Penicillin (PCN) has been shown to treat psoriasis effectively and be curative in many cases. Streptococcus is the organism responsible for beginning the process and has previously escaped detection by moving intracellularly or by forming biofilms. The treatment is low dose for many months and thus is similar to rheumatic fever. Arthritis has been shown to be caused by biofilm-forming dental and Lyme treponemes, and these organisms, like the streptococcus in psoriasis, have escaped detection. Penicillin, plus a biofilm-dispersing agent is effective in treating arthritis in which tissue destruction has not already occurred. Alzheimer’s disease has been shown to be caused by those same treponemes involved in arthritis, and, is in every way, similar to the dementia of neurosyphilis caused by Treponema pallidum. These organisms make biofilms that induce B amyloid and a Toll-like receptor 2 response leading to tissue destruction. Penicillin given prior to the organisms arrival in the brain (or before they create biofilms) would effectively prevent dementia in Alzheimer’s as it does in syphilis. We have shown that biofilm-forming staphylococci are integral to the etiology of atopic dermatitis. Along with standard corticosteroid therapy, antibacterial treatment, as opposed to antibiotics, appears to be a better treatment in AD because all the organisms are multi-drug resistant and 60% are MRSA or MSRE. Treatment with PCN in psoriasis, arthritis, and syphilis, has thus far not led to resistance and may actually prevent resistance by killing organisms before they make biofilms and share resistance genes.
Suresh G. Joshi
Drexel University College of Medicine, USA
Title: Nonthermal Plasma-Treated solutions as Antimicrobial Agents in Control of Multi-Drug Resistant Pathogens
Time : 14:45-15:10
Biography:
Suresh G Joshi has completed his MD, MSc and PhD in medical microbiology from University of Pune (UoP), one of the premier universities of India. From 1987 to 2000 he was a faculty at UoP affiliated medical college hopsitals, and contributory at the Interdisciplinary School of Basic Medical Sciences, UoP. From 2000 to 2003 he was a visitng faculty fellow at University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, and from 2003 to 2007, a research scientist and adjunct faculty at Thomas Jefferson University Medical College, Philadelphia, PA. In 2008, he joined Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, and currrently a director of center for surgical infection and biofilm at Drexel University. He has published over 110 articles and research studies in reputed journals, and internatioal and national proceedings, and has been serving as an Editorial Board Member of repute
Abstract:
Multi-drug resistance in bacterial pathogens (MDRO) is a significant challenge that healthcare facilities faces globally. Surface-associated biofilms often act as reservior of MDRO and a source of dissemination of resistance. MDRO in biofilm form requires much higher doses of antimicrobial biocides than their planktonic counterpart. Such doses are often cytotoxic, and can not be repeatedly used. Additionally, an increase in resistant phenotypes due to spontaneous mutations challenges traditional antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents. Nonthermal plasma treatments are increasingly used in disinfection and sterilization, in different forms of applications, such as direct plasma application over the surface or first treating the liquid of interest, and then applying it over surface (animate or inanimate). Aqueous solutions treated by plasma at atmosphere air contains a complex cocktail of reactive species such as hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrite and nitrate, and typically have a low pH (which helps in stabilizing some of these species). All these species are physiologically reactive and known to kill bacteria in suspension by exerting a synergistic antimicrobial effect. Recently, we demonstrated that nonthermal plasma (plasma) -treated solutions acquire strong stable antimicrobial activity, and these solutions have a rapid and broad spectrum activity against multidrug resistant bacterial pathogens. This activity is retained for at least two years at room temperature, and the solution(s) exhibit appreciable toxicity. The proposed research presents the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the bactericidal effect of one of the plasma-activated antimicrobial solution, using E. coli’s physiological responses as the probe
Douglas Burgoyne
VRx Pharmacy Services, USA
Title: Antibiotic stewardship – A role for managed care
Time : 15:10-15:35
Biography:
Dr Douglas Burgoyne is President of VRx Pharmacy Services, a pharmacy benefits management company, and was President of the Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy for 2012-2013, where he supported AMCP’s advocacy for managed care pharmacy principles at both state and federal levels, including presentations to the FDA. Dr Burgoyne is a founding member of UtahAWARE, an antibiotic resistance education program for Utah. In this role, he was influential in reducing inappropriate antibiotic use in pediatrics and adults through public awareness campaigns and physician education programs. Dr Burgoyne was a speaker at many appropriate-use meetings, including the CDC ‘Get Smart’ conference.
Abstract:
Antibiotic resistance (AMR) is a major global health concern according to WHO, CDC, and governments worldwide. Resistant infections kill 23,000 Americans annually. Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) are mostly viral (60%-90% non-bacterial) and self-limiting, yet inappropriate antibiotic prescription is common, especially in primary care, which drives AMR. Even for bacterial URTIs antibiotics offer little or no immediate benefit; patients still need symptomatic therapy, which should always be utilized to minimize inappropriate use of antibiotics. The Global Respiratory Infection Partnership (GRIP) was initiated in 2011 to promote rational antibiotic stewardship for URTIs by focusing on symptomatic therapies and reducing inappropriate antibiotic use. The organization has developed the ‘5P’ framework to promote change and appropriate management of URTIs. Most antibiotics are low-cost drugs and provide little financial incentive for improving rational prescribing, compared to the expense of biologics and other novel drugs. However, there is an overwhelming public health imperative for reducing antibiotic resistance and promoting responsible antibiotic stewardship. What can be done? Strategies are required that increase access to symptomatic therapies and incentivize their use, including over-the-counter products. Different reimbursement approaches could also be considered. Ways to achieve these goals will be discussed, including potential roles for primary care and pharmacies. Managed Care can also influence patient education, especially concerning misperceptions about antibiotic use. Conclusions Managed Care could potentially reduce inappropriate antibiotic prescribing and increase use of symptomatic therapies to reduce AMR. This would support the goals of GRIP for responsible antibiotic stewardship and promotion of symptomatic therapies for URTIs.
Sedigheh Rafiei Tabatabaei
Shaheed Beheshti University, Iran
Title: The first report of CMY, aac (6′)-Ib and 16S rRNA methylase genes among Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from Iran
Time : 15:50-16:15
Biography:
Sedighe Rafiee Tabatabaei is working in Pediatric Infectious Research Center in Mofid Children Hospital at IRAN
Abstract:
Background:: Serious infections by Pseudomonas aeruginosa are commonly treated with the combination of a beta-lactam antibacterial and an aminoglycoside. Therefore, production of a 16S rRNA methylase may result in an extremely important antibacterial resistance profile. Objectives:: The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Cephamycinase (CMY), aminoglycoside 6'-N-acetyltransferase (aac(6′)-Ib) and 16S rRNA methylase genes among Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from Iran. Patients and Materials:: This descriptive study was performed on hospitalized burnt patients during 2011and 2012. Antibiotics susceptibility tests were performed by disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. CMY, aac(6′)-Ib, 16S rRNA methylase genes were detected by PCR method. Results:: Seventy-seven (77%) of 100 isolates were resistant to Imipenem and Ceftazidime. aac(6)-Ib, Cephamycinase (CMY), and rRNA methyltransferase (rmtB and rmtD) were detected in 57 (74.02%), 7 (9.09%), 11 (14.28%), and 9 (11.68%) isolates, respectively. PCR results for aminoglycoside resistance methyltransferase (armA) and rRNA methyltransferase (rmtC) were all negative. Aminoglycoside resistance methyltransferase (armA), and rRNA methyltransferase (rmtC) were not detected. Conclusions:: This study detected multiple drug resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa including resistance to β-lactams, Aminoglycosides, and Fluoroquinolones. Therefore, identification of drug resistance patterns in P. aeruginosa and detection of pan-resistant producing isolates are of great importance in prevention and control of infections in burn center ward.
Gannu Praveen Kumar
Sahasra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, India
Title: Tackling Antibiotic Resistance for Global Health: Future Challenges
Time : 16:15-16:40
Biography:
Dr. Gannu Praveen Kumar is currently working as Professor and Principal in Sahasra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, India. Since 2009, he was appointed as an external examiner for PhD and post graduate students and has guided 30 M. Pharm students. He published in both National and International journals and compiled few chapters for text books. He received Gem of India award in the year 1999. He attended international conferences of repute and visited London, Dubai, Singapore, Malaysia and Spain as invited speaker. He was selected as a best academician of Vaagdevi college of Pharmacy in 2002 and of Talla Padmavathi college of Pharmacy in 2011
Abstract:
In the last 60 years, major improvements in the early recognition and the treatment of infectious diseases have resulted in an extraordinary reduction in the morbidity and mortality associated with these illnesses. This has been due, in part, to better understanding of the fine molecular biological mechanisms of these diseases and to improved understanding of their pathophysiology and their epidemiology but, most notably, to the rapid development of safe and effective new antimicrobial treatments that have been able to attack the specific agent causing the infection, thus helping the infected host to eliminate the infection being treated. Seen initially as truly miraculous drugs, access to the first available systemic antibiotics (sulfonamides and penicillin) was not immediately available for the general public. In fact, these drugs were scarce and very expensive and were initially reserved for use by the military during World War II. The discovery of antibiotics revolutionized medicine transforming often fatal diseases into curable, or at least manageable, problems. They were viewed as a panacea. Unfortunately, antibiotic drug resistance has gradually become a major health risk potentially compromising gains made in public health worldwide and is currently considered one of the greatest threats to public health. Although not a new phenomenon, resistance has become a more pressing issue over recent years as approximately 70% of known bacteria have developed resistance to one or more antibiotics, threatening a return to the pre-antibiotic era. Resistance has been reported for entire classes of antibiotics, and untreatable multi-drug resistant bacteria are increasingly documented. The causes of antibiotic resistance are complex and include human behaviour at many levels of society of which the consequences affect everybody in the world. Similarities with climate change are evident. Many efforts have been made to describe the many different facets of antibiotic resistance and the interventions needed to meet the challenge. Although antibiotics paved the way for unprecedented medical and societal developments, today they have become indispensible in all health systems. Achievements in modern medicine, such as major surgery, organ transplantation, treatment of preterm babies, and cancer chemotherapy, which we today take for granted, would not be possible without access to effective treatment for bacterial infections. Within just a few years, we might be faced with dire setbacks, medically, socially, and economically, unless real and unprecedented global coordinated actions are immediately taken. Finding a solution to the problem of antibiotic resistance is an urgent global healthcare priority. Life threatening infections such as MRSA, tuberculosis and E. coli are all developing resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics and very few new are currently under development. Overcoming the ability of bacteria to develop resistance could potentially prevent thousands of needless deaths per year worldwide and reduce the burden on healthcare systems around the globe. Nanoscience is a relatively new field of research, yet our growing ability to build at the molecular level allows for the creation of customised structures which have the potential to transform medicine. It is hoped that new antibiotics, identification of sensitive microbial targets and design of novel drug delivery systems will enable the development of an urgently needed new generation of antibiotic treatments. Here, we describe the global situation of antibiotic resistance, its major causes and consequences, and identify key areas in which action is urgently needed
Rehab K. Alhajjar
King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
Title: Comparative Study of Antimicrobial Activities of two type of TiO2 Nanoparticles Against the Pathogenic Strain of Escherichia coli
Time : 16:40-17:05
Biography:
2012/2013: M. Sc. Microbiology in King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Excellence with first class honor and ranked first in class. 2013-2015: Lecturer in University of Princess Noura bint Abdul Rahman. 2013-2015: Visiting Lecturer for King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology for Training Course for University of Princess Noura bint Abdul Rahman.Teach Lecture and Practical [lab] in Biology College also in College of Pharmacy, College of Nursing and Preparatory Year for College of Medicine. Scholarships and Awards from King Abdullah Scholarship Program (2015). Author of several articles in the magazine “World of Food”. Issue 162 - November 2011 etc….
Abstract:
The current study investigated the antibacterial properties 0.25%, 0.50% and 1% of two different types of nano-TiO2 against a selection of pathogenic bacteria (Escherchia coli) isolated from a sample of wastewater from Riyadh, for the purposes of further application to time and cost effective water purification in Saudi Arabia. A commercial sample of nanoparticles metal oxide containing 98% titanium dioxide (TiO2) that was brown in colour – hereinafter (T2B). Another commercial sample of nanoparticles metal oxide was obtained containing 99% titanium dioxide (TiO2) that was white in colour – hereinafter (T2W). Pathogenic bacteria were cultured in liquid nutrient medium to evaluate the antibacterial effects of 0.25%, 0.50% and 1% of both types of nano-TiO2 . Electron microscopy was also used to observe the effect of both nanoparticles on the pathogenic bacterial cells in the liquid media specimens. For both nano-specimens significant results were seen for 0.25%0.50% and 1% concentration. The bacterial number substantially decreased with 0.25%, 0.50% and 1% of both nanoparticles. However, better results were obtained with 0.50% and 1% of (T2B), where bacterial inhibition was greater in both media. With (T2B), bacterial clearance was observed in nearly half the time needed (T2W). This has been observed in both media. In the liquid medium, complete cell death was seen with 1% (T2B) after 4 hours compared with 6 hours with 1% (T2W). Electron microscopy showed bacterial samples completely destroyed with 1% (T2B). E. coli appeared to be sensitive bacteria to the presence of both (T2W) and (T2B) nanoparticles, as they experienced significant bacteria disruption and damage
Jayanta Haldar
Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), India
Title: Strategies to combat bacterial resistance: Towards development of future antibacterial drugs
Time : 17:05-17:30
Biography:
Jayanta Haldar is an Assistant Professor at New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bangalore, India since October 2009. His undergraduate training was at the Presidency College, University of Calcutta and he received his Master of Science and PhD from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore in 2005. He did Postdoctoral Research from Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA. His research interests are towards the development of molecular strategies for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. He has published more than 30 international peer-reviewed papers, many book chapters and review articles. He has filed various national and international patent applications from 10 different inventions on the development of new drugs and new materials to tackle drug resistance and infections. His research work has been featured in Scientific American, Chemical Engineering News, American Chemical Society, BBC News, Times of India, The Hindu, Rajya Sabha TV, DD India TV etc. He has been awarded as a Ramanujan Fellow from the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, in 2010. He is an Editorial Board Member of the journal “Microbial Pathogenesis” of Elsevier
Abstract:
Multi-drug resistant Gram-positive bacteria like vancomycin resistant Enterococci (VRE) and Staphylococci (VISA and VRSA); as well as pan-drug resistant New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 (NDM-1) producing Gram-negative bacteria have become a threat to the global public health. The perennial persistence of bacterial resistance, calls for urgent need to develop more potent drugs having new mode of action, which would make bacterial resistance difficult to develop. Recently, we have developed novel vancomycin analogues, which could not only overcome, acquired resistance against VRE, VISA and VRSA but also took care of the inherent vancomycin resistance towards Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike vancomycin, these vancomycin analogues showed the ability to stop the development of bacterial resistance due to incorporation of novel membrane disrupting mechanism. I will also present another strategy where the membrane-active molecules were found to re-sensitize the tetracycline antibiotics to colistin-resistant NDM-1 producing Gram-negative clinical isolates. It was observed that the membrane activity of the molecules provided a backdoor entry to the otherwise excluded antibiotics due to efflux pumps
- Young Research Forum
Session Introduction
Richa Bhardwaj
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, India
Title: Emergence of Multi Drug Resistance Escherichia coli strains against clinically significant antibiotics from river system, India
Time : 17:30-17:55
Biography:
Richa Bhardwaj is pursuing Ph.D. under the supervision of Prof. J.K. Garg and Co-supervision of Dr. Anshu Gupta. Her area of research is Environmental microbiology wherein the work involves the study of Antibiotic and Heavy metal pollution of River Yamuna using microbiological indicators. She has her masters as a gold medallist throughout in scientific fields of Environment and Microbiological sciences as well as administration fields of Disaster management and NGO management. She graduated as honours in Microbiology from Delhi University as university topper. She has been associated with organizations as National Centre of Disease Control (Ministry of Home Affairs), Red Cross Society (Ministry of Health and Family Welfare), and Samsung Electronics (Corporate Social Responsibility). She has been associated with several projects including KAP studies for Disasters in Delhi, Psycho-social impacts of quality of work life in Multinational corporations, Quality standards for various Bio-safety levels as an integral part of epidemiological significance
Abstract:
Escherichia coli is an emerging pathogen of the greatest concern as it is the leading cause of various severe infections of stomach, urinary tract, ear, wound etc. in humans. Increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance among E. coli is another furthermost fret worldwide. This problem is more traumatic when water bodies are getting contaminated with faecal pollution and inappropriate use of antibiotics that led to emergence of multi-drug resistant strains of this normal microbiota of human intestine. The current study dealt with the isolation of twenty-eight E. coli strains from water samples collected from River Yamuna in Delhi stretch of India. E. coli was tested for antibiotic susceptibility by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method as per Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines using 24 different antibiotics belonging to three different modes of action namely β-lactams, aminoglycosides, phenicols, tetracyclines and quinolones. Most evident finding of the study was that none of antibiotic used in the study was 100% effective. In total, 100% of the isolates exhibited multi drug resistance (MDR) character and all the isolates had a very high multiple antibiotic-resistance (MAR) index, suggesting the origin of the isolates to be of high antibiotic usage. MAR index for all the isolates were calculated on the basis of resistance patterns. It has been observed all the strains were having the MAR value > 0.2 and up to 1, showing very high degree of multi-drug resistance. Therefore, the analysis is highly informative in terms of assessing the faecal contamination of river water, determining resistance of E. coli against the commonly available significant antibiotics and prediction of future emergence of MDR strains.