Immunization is a global health and development success story, saving millions of lives every year. Vaccines reduce risks of getting a disease by working with your body’s natural defences to build protection. When you get a vaccine, your immune system responds. We now have vaccines to prevent more than 20 life-threatening diseases, helping people of all ages live longer, healthier lives. Immunization currently prevents 2-3 million deaths every year from diseases like Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Influenza and Measles.

Immunization is a key component of primary health care and an indisputable human right. It’s also one of the best health investments money can buy. Vaccines are also critical to the prevention and control of infectious-disease outbreaks. They underpin global health security and will be a vital tool in the battle against antimicrobial resistance.

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) is a form of contagious bacterial infection. People sometimes call it a superbug because it is resistant to numerous antibiotics. In healthy people, MRSA does not usually cause a severe infection, but older people, individuals with health conditions, and those with a weakened immune system may be at risk. MRSA is a common and potentially serious infection that has developed resistance to several types of antibiotics. These include methicillin and related antibiotics, such as Penicillin, Vancomycin, and Oxacillin. This resistance makes MRSA difficult to treat.

Most MRSA infections occur in people who've been in hospitals or other health care settings, such as nursing homes and dialysis centers. When it occurs in these settings, it's known as health care-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA). HA-MRSA infections typically are associated with invasive procedures or devices, such as surgeries, intravenous tubing or artificial joints. Another type of MRSA infection has occurred in the wider community among healthy people. This form, community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA), often begins as a painful skin boil. It's spread by skin-to-skin contact.

The coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic is the defining global health crisis of our time and the greatest challenge we have faced since World War Two. During the current COVID-19 pandemic there are potential threats that could affect antimicrobial stewardship activities and drive antimicrobial resistance. The use of antibiotics in people with COVID-19 could result in increased resistance to the drugs' benefits among the wider population. Patients hospitalized as a result of the virus are being given a combination of medications to prevent possible secondary bacterial infections.

Antibiotics underpin all of modern medicine, but AMR is an issue that could impact millions of lives in the decades to come. Currently, the COVID-19 pandemic is causing immense suffering and loss of life across the globe, but AMR has been and will remain one of the most significant threats to global human health.

Antibiotics are a type of antimicrobials used in treatment and prevention of bacterial infections. They may inhibit or kill the growth of bacteria. Many antibiotics are also effective against protozoans and fungi; some are toxic to animals and humans also, even when given in therapeutic dosage. Antibiotics are not effective against viruses such as influenza or common cold, and may be harmful when taken inappropriately. Physicians must ensure the patient has a bacterial infection before prescribing antibiotics.

An antimicrobial therapy kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, or protozoans. Antimicrobial agents are some of the most widely, and often used therapeutic drugs worldwide. It contributes significantly to the quality of life of many people and reduces the morbidity and mortality due to infectious disease. The remarkable success of antimicrobial therapy has been achieved with comparatively little toxicity and expense.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), also called Host Defence Peptides (HDPs) are part of the innate immune response found among all classes of life. AMPs have a broad spectrum of targeted organisms ranging from viruses to parasites. These peptides are potent, broad spectrum antibiotics which demonstrate potential as novel therapeutic agents. Unlike the majority of conventional antibiotics it appears that antimicrobial peptides frequently destabilize biological membranes, can form transmembrane channels, and may also have the ability to enhance immunity by functioning as Immunomodulatory

Antimicrobial agents play vital roles in decreasing human morbidity and mortality resulting from infectious diseases. Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases are global problems, and a constant supply of new antibiotics is essential if we are to combat these diseases successfully. The session is open to discuss on synthetic tailoring, discovery of new scaffolds, designing screens that avoid rediscovering old scaffolds, repurposing libraries of synthetic molecules for use as antibiotics, Exploring microbial niches for products, molecular target selection, improving libraries to overcome resistance, Safety and efficacy, Vaccines available for the diseases, Phage’s and parasitic bacteria, Epidemiology and spread of microbes and resistance traits.

Infectious diseases account for nearly one fifth of the worldwide death toll every year. The constant increase of drug‐resistant pathogens is a big challenge for treatment of infectious diseases. In addition, outbreaks of infections and new pathogens are potential threats to public health. Lack of effective treatments for drug‐resistant bacteria and recent outbreaks of Ebola and Zika viral infections have become a global public health concern. The number of newly approved antibiotics has decreased significantly in the last two decades compared with previous decades. In parallel with this, is an increase in the number of drug‐resistant bacteria. For these threats and challenges to be countered, new strategies and technology platforms are critically needed. Drug remodelling has emerged as an approach for rapid identification of effective therapeutics to treat the infectious diseases.

Antibiotic production can be grouped into three methods: natural fermentation, semi-synthetic, and synthetic. As more and more bacteria continue to develop resistance to currently produced antibiotics, research and development of new antibiotics continues to be important. In addition to research and development into the production of new antibiotics, repackaging delivery systems is important to improving efficacy of the antibiotics that are currently produced. Improvements to this field have seen the ability to add antibiotics directly into implanted devices, aerosolization of antibiotics for direct delivery, and combination of antibiotics with non-antibiotics to improve outcomes.

Antibiotic is one of the most important commercially exploited secondary metabolites produced by bacteria, fungi and Streptomyces and employed in a wide range. Most of the antibiotics used today are from the microorganisms that live in soil. Bacteria are easy to isolate, culture, maintain and to improve their strain. The main producers of the microbial metabolites, the actinobacteria, fungi and other filamentous bacteria, represent inexhaustible sources for the future.

Antibiotics are used commercially, potentially useful in medicine for activities other than their antimicrobial action. They are used as antitumor agents, enzyme inhibitors including powerful hypocholesterolemic agents, immunosuppressive agents, and anti-migraine agents, etc. This session mainly is to focus on the application of anti-bacterials, antifungals, and anti-cancers with their clinical use to date, including the development history, side effects, and etc. The antibiotics were classified by their uses, structure types, and molecular mechanisms.

The pharmacodynamics of an antimicrobial drug relates its pharmacokinetics to the time course of the antimicrobial effects at the site of the infection. Knowledge of the drug's antimicrobial pharmacodynamics effects provides a more rational basis for determination of optimal dosing regimens in terms of the dose and the dosing interval than do the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) determined in vitro. This session mainly focus on pharmacokinetics, antimicrobial pharmacodynamics, the effect of pharmacodynamics on the emergence of resistant bacterial subpopulations, and the development of pharmacodynamics breakpoints for use in the design of trials of these drugs and in the treatment of infected patients.

Antibiotics are used in livestock production for two basic reasons: disease treatment and disease prevention. Just like humans, animals are prone to bacterial infections. As in human medicine, antibiotics are used to effectively treat those infections. In livestock production, antibiotics can also be used to prevent disease. There are times in an animal’s life, such as weaning, where certain diseases can be very common. Antibiotics are sometimes used to prevent these diseases from becoming established in the first place.

An antibiotic is a chemical made by a microbe that antagonizes the growth of other cells.  They reduce the viability and clonal expansion of cancer stem cells is of broad importance, as cancer stem cells are increasingly accepted as a distinct cell type that gives rise to therapy resistance, tumour recurrence and distant metastasis. Therapeutic anticancer antibiotics have become an accepted treatment for certain types of cancer. These drugs bind specifically to primary and metastatic cancer cells to block cell growth, while limiting effects on surrounding healthy cells. Antibiotic medicines kill malignant cells by fragmenting the DNA in the cell nucleus and by oxidizing critical compounds which are necessary for the cell. Antibiotics are used against leukaemia, bladder cancer, testicular cancer, and sarcomas.

Antibiotic overuse is when antibiotics are used when they're not needed. Antibiotics are one of the great advances in medicine. But overprescribing them has led to resistant bacteria (bacteria that are harder to treat). Some germs that were once very responsive to antibiotics have become more and more resistant. Antibiotic overuse is a key driver of antimicrobial resistance. Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in response to the use of these medicines. Antibiotic resistance occurs naturally, but misuse of antibiotics in humans and animals is accelerating the process. Antibiotic resistance leads to longer hospital stays, higher medical costs and increased mortality.

Antibiotics have been used to treat people with infectious diseases caused by bacteria. However, certain antibiotics have been used so widely and for so long that some bacteria that cause disease have become resistant to them, making these treatments less effective. Antibiotic resistance occurs when the medication loses its ability to kill bacteria. As a result, the organisms continue to grow and cause infection, even in the presence of the antibiotic.

Antibiotics target essential cellular functions but bacteria can become resistant by acquiring either exogenous resistance genes or chromosomal mutations. Resistance mutations typically occur in genes encoding essential functions; these mutations are therefore generally detrimental in the absence of drugs. However, bacteria can reduce this handicap by acquiring additional mutations, known as compensatory mutations. Genetic interactions (epistasis) either with the background or between resistances (in multiresistant bacteria) dramatically affect the fitness cost of antibiotic resistance and its compensation, therefore shaping dissemination of antibiotic resistance mutations.

Acquired bacterial antibiotic resistance can result from the mutation of normal cellular genes, the acquisition of foreign resistance genes, or a combination of these two mechanisms. The most common resistance mechanisms employed by bacteria include enzymatic degradation or alteration of the antimicrobial, mutation in the antimicrobial target site, decreased cell wall permeability to antimicrobials, and active efflux of the antimicrobial across the cell membrane. The spread of mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, transposons, and integrons has greatly contributed to the rapid dissemination of antimicrobial resistance among several bacterial genera of human and veterinary importance.

There has been an increasing use of antibiotics in all areas of medicine. Clinical trials to test antibiotics are normally of a less than satisfactory quality. The main objective of initial clinical trials, at least, is to provide the pharmaceutical company with sufficient information to persuade the regulatory authority that the drug is effective, safe and well produced.

Knowledge of the clinical and economic impact of antimicrobial resistance is useful to influence programs and behaviour in healthcare facilities, to guide policy makers and funding agencies, to define the prognosis of individual patients and to stimulate interest in developing new antimicrobial agents and therapies. There are a variety of important issues that must be considered when designing or interpreting studies into the clinical and economic outcomes associated with antimicrobial resistance. One of the most misunderstood issues is how to measure cost appropriately. This session mainly focus on variety of important issues that must be considered when designing or interpreting studies of the clinical and economic outcomes associated with antimicrobial resistance.

Antibiotic medicines are among the most prescribed courses worldwide, in fighting bacterial infections, primarily in outpatient settings. Pharmaceutical companies are actively developing analogues of existing antibiotic classes based on innovative approaches to fight bacterial infections. Key players operating in the global antibiotic market include Pfizer Inc., Astellas Pharma, Inc, Roche, Novartis AG, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Bayer HealthCare AG, Abbott Laboratories, MiddleBrook Pharmaceuticals, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Daiichi Sankyo Company, Ltd., GlaxoSmithKline Plc, Eli Lilly and Co., and Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. The antibiotics market was valued at USD 39.8 billion in 2015 and is expected to witness a CAGR of 4.0% over the forecast period. Increasing efforts are being witnessed toward the development of advanced products.

Antimicrobial resistance is a complex problem with many diverse contributing factors. It is major cause of health concerns adding cost to oneself and to the community, directly or indirectly. Prevention is still the best tool to reduce the infection spread and thereby AMR. Along with rational use of existing antimicrobial drugs, development of new effective compounds and new diagnostic technology is the need. Joint efforts from patients, prescribers and individuals to international regulators and policy makers are needed to fight against the globally spreading antimicrobial resistance.

New antibiotics need to be developed, which doctors will be able to use when existing drugs no longer work. Non-antibiotic treatments can also reduce our dependence on antibiotics. The government encourages companies to develop new drugs and treatments. New technologies can also help prevent infections.

Antibiotic overuse and misuse has led to a growing number of bacteria in humans, animals and the environment that are resistant to life-saving antimicrobial therapies. Urgent action is needed to halt the development of resistance, and to accelerate new treatments for bacterial infection. Research includes epidemiology of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive infections, genetic mechanisms of resistance, evolution and transmission in the hospital setting, as well as the community, and antimicrobial stewardship.

As research into antibiotic resistance expands, it is important to adopt an explicitly proactive approach to antibiotic resistance identification and surveillance, as well as antibiotic therapy development. This proactive approach involves using a combination of functional metagenomics, next-generation sequencing and cutting-edge computational methods to monitor the evolution and dissemination of resistance before a given resistance determinant emerges in a pathogen or in the clinical setting, as well as proactively developing next-generation therapies that target these resistance determinants. Recent advances in the field highlight the promise that the next generation of resistome studies hold for characterizing and countering emerging resistance threats.

Alternatives to antibiotics are broadly defined as any substance that can be substituted for therapeutic drugs that are increasingly becoming ineffective against pathogenic bacteria due to antimicrobial resistance. Although antibiotics remain an essential tool for treating animal diseases on the farm, the availability of effective medical interventions to prevent and control animal diseases is one of the most significant challenges facing veterinary medicine in the 21st century. Phytochemicals as antibiotic alternatives to promote growth and enhance host health. Innovative drugs, chemicals, and enzymes within the animal production chain. Vaccines as alternatives to antibiotics for food producing animals. Also recent research provides numerous possibilities for the application nanomaterials in broad-spectrum eradication of pathogenic bacteria with many applications such as skin pathogen infection, implant sterilization, and wastewater treatment.