Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance

Developing Alternatives to Antibiotics

Alternatives to antibiotics are broadly defined as any substance that can be substituted for therapeutic drugs that are increasingly becoming ineffective against pathogenic bacteria due to antimicrobial resistance. Although antibiotics remain an essential tool for treating animal diseases on the farm, the availability of effective medical interventions to prevent and control animal diseases is one of the most significant challenges facing veterinary medicine in the 21^st century. Phytochemicals as antibiotic alternatives to promote growth and enhance host health. Innovative drugs, chemicals, and enzymes within the animal production chain. Vaccines as alternatives to antibiotics for food producing animals. Also recent research provides numerous possibilities for the application nanomaterials in broad-spectrum eradication of pathogenic bacteria with many applications such as skin pathogen infection, implant sterilization, and wastewater treatment.